"How do you know I'm mad?" said Alice.
"You must be," said the Cat, "or you wouldn't have come here."
- Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Don't go mad just yet! This site will help
you with cat brains and cranial nerves.
And no, that is not the cat brain.
cr: ALittleKitty, Brainless Tales
I (Olfactory): Nerves enter anterior surface of olfactory bulb
Sensory: smell
II (Optic): Nerves project from optic chiasma
Sensory: vision
III (Oculomotor): Nerves project from posterior perforated substance
Motor: extrinsic eye muscles except for lateral rectus and superior oblique
IV (Trochlear): Thread-like nerve below the corpora quadrugemina (posterior view) and circles back to brain
Motor: superior oblique extrinsic eye muscles
V (Trigeminal): Lateral to pons and points forward (ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular)
Both sensory and motor
VI (Abducens): Thread-like nerve emerges near midline below the pons
Motor: Lateral rectus extrinsic muscle of the eye
VII (Facial): Nerve emerges laterally between pons and medulla in front of VIII
Both sensory and motor(Taste in anterior tongue, salivation, nasal glands and parotid)
VIII (Vestibular/Auditory): Laterally between pons and medulla, behind the VII
Sensory: hearing
IX (Glossopharyngeal): Between two horns of hyoid
Both sensory and motor (Taste in posterior tongue, glands of pharynx and parotid gland)
X (Vagus): Outside the cranium, near the carotid arteries
Both: Parasympathetic nerve, taste, pharynx and larynx
XI (Spinal Accessory): Below foramen magnum, below X
Motor: Trapezius, sternocleidomastoid
XII (Hypoglossal): Side of medulla behind pyramids
Motor: Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue
DOWNLOAD!
PDF version of Cranial Nerves.
cr: AcidKitty3, David B. Fankhauser, Ph.D.
For instructions on how to extract the cat brain, please refer to this
LINK
Membranes
- Dura mater: Protects the brain; Fused to the periosteum (internal lining) of the skull
- Subdural space: Filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which serves a cushion or buffer that protects the brain
-Pia mater: Protects the brain; Where the blood vessels run; Dips down into the depressions of the brain; Identified by opening up a gyri, and pinning it towards the inside
- Arachnoid: Protects the brain; Covers depressions on the surface of the brain, passing over them
- Subarachnoid space: Filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which serves as a cushion or buffer that protects the brain; Crossed by a delicate web of tissue
Dorsal View of the Brain
- Olfactory bulbs: Receive fibers of the olfactory nerve at its anterior surfaces; Generally hollow, but secondarily solid in mammals; Size is correlated with the development of the sense of smell; Adult: Telencephalon , Primitive: Forebrain
- Cerebral hemispheres: Largely olfactory, but additional areas appear and expand; Very convoluted consisting of gyri and sulci
* Outer gray matter and inner white matter (a reversal of the original condition); Cortex is what you call the gray matter
- Gyrus: Increases surface area of the brain; Folds
- Sulcus: Increases surface area of the brain; Lines, grooves
- Longitudinal cerebral fissure: Separates the two hemispheres from each other
- Corpus callosum: Connects the two cerebral hemispheres (neopallial cortex); Characteristic of the mammalian brain, but lacking in monotremes and some marsupials; Composed of nerve fibers passing between the hemispheres
- Cerebellum: Motor coordination; A large mass with a much convoluted surface; Adult: Metencephalon
- Midbrain or mesencephalon: Consists of four rounded lobes or hillocks called the corpora quadrugemina or colliculi; Adult: Mesencephalon, Primitive: Forebrain
- Superior colliculi of the corpora quadrugemina: Reflex center for optic impulses
- Inferior colliculi of the corpora quadrugemina: Constitutes an auditory center (secondary)
- Vermis or worm: Site of termination of the spinocerebellar pathways that carry subconscious proprioception
- Hemispheres of the cerebellum: Involved in regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and brain; For the most part, they are new formations
- Choroid plexus or roof of the diencephalon: Produces cerebrospinal fluid
- Medulla oblongata: Relays nerve signals between brain and spinal cord
- Fourth ventricle: Passageway of CSF; Located in the medulla; Roofed over by the medullary velum, which contains a choroid plexus; Adult: Medulla
- Clava:Concerned with joint and muscle sense and steadiness of body movement and position; Processes sensations such as touch, heat, and pain from the lower body; Belongs to the somatic sensory column; Handles impulses from the sense organs to the skin, head, sensations from deeper body-wall structures such as muscles and joints
- Tuberculum cuneatum: Concerned with joint and muscle sense and steadiness of body movement and position; Involved the transfer of sensory information regarding vibration, fine touch, and prioprioception from the upper body; Belongs to the somatic sensory column
- Restiform bundle or posterior peduncle of the cerebellum: Conveys impulses from the medulla and spinal cord to the cerebellum; Anterior to the clava and tuberculum cuneatum
- Area acustica or primary auditory center: Elevation over the restiform body
Ventral View of the Brain:
- Basilar artery: Supplies blood to the brain; Continuation of the two vertebral arteries
- Circle of Willis: Supplies blood to the brain; Joined by the internal carotid artery; Courses over the pia mater
- Olfactory tract: Sensory tract for olfaction; representing the optic nerve
- Pyriform lobe: Olfactory center of the brain, along with the hippocampus; Separated from the rest of the cerebral hemisphere by the rhinal fissure
- Diencephalon or thalamencephalon: Inclosed between the two pyriform lobes on the ventral side
- Optic chiasma: From where the optic nerves project; Crossing of the optic nerves at their entrance to the brain; Optic nerve fibers only cross partly in mammals to the opposite side; Adult:Diencephalon
- Optic nerves: Sensory tract from retina to the brain; for vision
- Anterior perforated substance: Contains the olfactory tubercle, a collection of neurons that send efferent projections to the olfactory bulb
- Tuber cinereum: Having to do with olfactory sensations; From which pituitary body (hypophysis) depends by a stalk; The slit in the brain; Adult: Diencephalon
- Pituitary body or hypophysis: Production of hormones
- Mamillary body: Belong to the olfactory apparatus of the mammal
- Posterior perforated substance: From which arise the two oculomotor nerves; From which arise the two third, or oculomotor nerves
- Cerebral peduncles: Connects pons to the midbrain; Belonging to the midbrain
- Pons: Bridge between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum; Motor control and sensory analysis
- Medulla oblongata: Maintains vital body functions such as breathing and heart rate
- Pyramids or somatic motor tracts or pyramidal tracts: Convey impulses from the cerebral hemispheres to the voluntary muscles
Median Sagittal Section:
- Corpus callosum
- Genu of the corpus callosum: Anterior end of the corpus callosum
- Splenium: Posterior end of the corpus callosum
- Fornix: Belong to the olfactory apparatus of the mammal
- Septum pellucidum
- Lateral ventricle: Passageway of the CSF; Connects with the third ventricle by a passage called foramen of Munro (interventricular foramen)
- Anterior commissure: Connects olfactory regions of the cerebral hemispheres (smell); Extends into the tuber cinereum and the pituitary body
- Third ventricle: Passageway of cerebrospinal fluid; Anterior boundary is formed by the fornix, anterior commissure, and lamina terminalis; Adult: Diencephalon
- Diencephalon: Relay center for cerebral hemispheres; Consists of hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus
- Hypothalamus: Plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis (participation in the endocrine system); Includes the optic chiasma, tuber cinereum, mammillary body, and the hypophysis (pituitary body
- Epithalamus: Contains the pineal body, which plays a role in establishing the body’s biological clock; Includes structures is diencephalon’s roof: tela choroidea, pineal body, habenula, posterior commissure
Posterior commissure; Contains fibers that interconnect oculomotor control nuclei (vision); Connects optic regions of the brain
- Thalamus: Relays sensations such as touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception to the cerebral cortex; Contains the intermediate mass or middle commissure, pulvinar, lateral geniculate body, medial geniculate body
- Middle commissure: Connects the right and left thalamus
- Cerebral aqueduct: Connects the third and fourth ventricles
- Tegmentum: Thick floor of the midbrain; Adult: Mesencephalon, Primitive: Forebrain
- Cerebellum: Great center for equilibration and motor coordination; Coordination of muscle movement, maintenance of muscular tone, equilibration of the body in space; Its functions are involuntary and unperceived by the conscious mind Fits into the fourth ventricle, separated by a medullary velum
- Arbor vitae (tree of life): Brings sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum; All white matter; Brought about by the fact that each fold of the cerebellar surface consists of gray matter or nerve cells, with a central plate of white matter or nerve fibers
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Cat Brain PDF
cr: tirrih, David B. Fankhauser, Ph.D., Jerome Nietfeld
Cranial Nerves
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Cat Brain